Here’s a question I hear all the time: “How can you tell if a dog is smart?” And I smile every time, because this question is both simple and bottomless. How can you tell if someone is smart? From one conversation? From one situation? Unlikely. It’s the same story with dogs, only even more interesting.

Every day, dogs “speak” to us without using words. They wag their tails, bark loudly, lick us, play, and display a wide range of emotions. But to understand what a dog is trying to say, you need to be able to “listen.” And listening means noticing everything a dog does: how it holds its tail,

Instinct or emotion? This dilemma arises among owners far more often than you might think when it comes to mating. The desire to understand what an animal is experiencing at this moment is completely normal. The short answer: dogs have physiological reinforcement and strong biological motivation (especially males). But why don’t biologists and veterinarians use